The Advantages of Multicultural Societies
Today, migrating to other countries has been a common thing. Many people live, study, and work in other countries to get better lives. However it is undeniable that migrating gets an effect of multicultural societies. The people must adapt to different culture in the country they live. They will accept the new culture from the new society they live in daily activities. The different cultures coexist in one country. People accept multicultural societies because multicultural society has some advantages.
First, people can know different culture of other countries. They learn other culture which they often see everyday. They learn it because they have to adapt to the culture where they live. By knowing the different culture people will experiences and rich of knowledge about culture that they may choose the most appropriate to be applied in daily life.
Second, Live in multicultural culture is very interesting. Such multicultural culture has divergent culture with different types of people. How monotonous this world if only in a society only exist one culture. Sometimes people will boring and do not get the variation in seeing the habit of people. If people have learnt the cultures each other, they will respect to them. Respecting another culture is important in multicultural societies in order to live in peace through diversity. Like in USA, Americans live peacefully with the people who have the different cultures. They really respected the individual freedom and plurality.
Third, people can bring the good culture from different cultures which they have learnt. They will take the advantage and absorb the thing that useful for their own culture. Of course it must not be contradicted to their own culture. It will enrich their culture.
One cultural society is not more desirable than multicultural ones. A lot of countries welcome the different cultures as the new culture in their countries. Accepting new culture will add our basic culture which we have. Since we still preserve our own culture and it is not contradicted to our culture.
5/26/2009
THE FANTASTIC AS A MODE
THE FANTASTIC AS A MODE
The Fantastic derives from the Latin, phantasticus, meaning that which is made visible, visionary, unreal. A fantasy is story based on and controlled by an overt violation of what is generally accepted as possibility; it is the narrative result of transforming the condition contrary to fact into “fact” itself (Irwin, p.x)
The menippea was a traditional form of fantastic art and it exhibits crucial links with carnival as well as crucial differences between its celebrations of misrule and the disorder found in less festive modern fantasies.
Modern fantasy is severed from its root in carnivalesque art: it is no longer a communal form.
Dostoevsky frequently writes of a fantastic literature as being the only appropriate medium for suggesting a sense of estrangement, of alienation from ‘natural’ origin.
Sartre claims, fantasy assumes its proper function: to transform this world. The fantastic, in becoming humanized, approaches the ideal purity of its essence, becomes what it had been. Without a context of faith in supernaturalism (whether sacred or secular), fantasy is an expression of human forces.
The ‘real’ under scrutiny
Paraxis is telling notion in relation to the place, or space, of the fantastic, for it implies an inextricable link to the man body of the ‘real’ which it shades and treathens.
The best theoretical study of fantasy as a mode defined by its ‘rationality’, i.e. by its positioning in relation to the real is Irene Bessiere le Recit fantastique: la poetique de L’incertain (1974).
Formalis theories explained that the basic trope of fantasy is the oxymoron, a figure of speech which holds together contradiction and sustains them in an impossible unity, without progressing toward synthesis. Several literary critics said that Fantasy is kind of extended narrative which establishes and develops an antifact, that is, plays the game of impossible… a fantasy story based on and controlled by an overt violation of what is generally accepted as possibility( Irwin, p.ix). Caillois also defined that fantastic is always break in the acknowledged order, an irruption of the inadmissible within the changeless everyday legality images do not examine narrative structures. Titles of many fantasies indicate this opening activity, often linking into notions of (1) invisibility, (2) impossibility, (3)transformation, (4) defiant illusion.
The fantastic requires the fulfillment of three conditions. 1. The text must oblige the reader to consider the world of the characters as a world of living persons and to hesitate between a natural and supernatural explanation of the event described. 2. The readers role is entrusted to characters…the hesitation is represented, it becomes one of themes of the work. 3. The reader must adopt a certain attitude with regard to the text: he will reject allegorical as well as poetic interpretation.
Todorov represents the different kinds of fantasy diagrammatically
Pure uncanny
Fantastic uncanny
Fantastic Marvelous
Pure marvelous
Themes of the fantastic in literature revolve around this problem of making visible the un-seen, of articulating un-said.
Themes can be clustered into several related areas: (1) invisibility, (2), transformation (3), dualism (4) good versus evil. Two groups of fantastic themes based on Todorov: those dealing with the “I” and those dealing with”not-I”.
There are two kinds of myth in fantasy: Frankenstein type of myth, source of metamorphosis or strangeness within the self and Dracula type of myth, otherness is established through a fusion of self with something out side , producing a new form, an ‘other’ reality.
References
Rosemary Jackson,1981, FANTASY: The Literature of Subversion, Metheun: London and New York
5/21/2009
Sex and the city as chick lit Work?
A. INTRODUCTION
1. Definition of chick lit
Chick lit is a term used to denote genre fiction within women's fiction written for and marketed to young women, especially single, working women in their twenties and thirties.
Women’s Fiction: Women's fiction, also known as "Chick Lit," is sometimes considered a sub-genre of romance. It borrows some elements of romance, yet does not necessarily focus on the pursuit of one relationship or the happily ever after ending. Chick Lit tends to feature sophisticated, savvy women in their 20s and 30s, although characters can be older or younger. (Defining the Genres
By Jennifer Crispin© 2004,
Jennifer Crisp in
http://fmwriters.com/Visionback/Issue19/themedefine.htm )
The characters might bounce from man to man in search of the perfect relationship, or they might focus more on their friends and jobs. They are generally looking for a perfect something, whether it’s a perfect man, a perfect figure, a perfect job, or a perfect pair of shoes.
2. Sex and the City
a. Novel
Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell (Grand Central Publishing, 1997)
Have there ever been four more memorable female friends? Sometimes people forget that Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte started as characters in a book. The novel sex and the city picture the brand minded glamour and also sexual relationship. It tells about the Bachelor and Spinsters and their life style.
b. Movie
Sex and the City took place in Manhattan in 2008. It is a spin off from the television show that ran for six seasons. At the very beginning of the movie, Carrie, the main character, starts out expressing that the only reason young women move to New York City is to shop for the labels and to fall in love. This foreshadows the entire film because it is about the designer clothing the characters wear and the different relationship problems each character has. After the series end, four years past, and the characters lives have all changed. Carrie Bradshaw, the main character, is dating her on and off again boyfriend Jonathan Big. They buy an apartment together and get engaged. The story consists of their up-and-down relationship. He gets cold feet the day of the wedding and her three best friends, Charlotte York, Miranda Hobbes, and Samantha Jones, all go with her to Mexico, on the trip that was intended to be her and “Mr. Big’s” honeymoon. The rest of the movie shows how she deals with the pain of heartbreak and how her friends are there to help her
c. TV Series
The TV series differ from the movie and the novel. The novel gives imagination through the strong word. The movie is designed to be watch in the shorter time than the TV series. And TV series is picturing slower than the movie. The plot is designed to be enjoyed in different style. Sex and the City is an American cable television series. The original run of the show was broadcast on HBO from 1998 until 2004, for a total of six seasons. ( www.answer.com )
B. DISCUSSION
Chick lit at actually derived from Chick American slang term for young woman and lit is short for literature. The phrase chick lit is analogous to the term chick flick. The definition of chick lit varies widely and tinged with shades of backlash. Carole Desanti, the United States editor for Helen Fielding (Bridget Jones Diary) and Melissa Banks (The girls’ Guide to Hunting and fishing) notes:
Initially women writers were trying to find a way to write about their lived experience that was vibrant and authentic and creative and artful. Now there is a range definitions for chick lit, but the one we seem to be settling in with is the one that trivialize and dismisses it (Danford, N. 2003, “is chick lit still chick?”, publisher weekly, vol.250, no.42. pp.5-20)
Ferris and Young state that to list potentially compelling themes in chick lit: identity, sexuality, friendship as family, and balancing work and relationship.
The term chick lit has versus namely lad lit or Dick lit means literature written by men, with the main character being male. It is classified under the chick lit because the tone is very similar to chick lit’s tone. The men in these books are often going through dating, work scenarios, love, family issues and more. Another term is "Mommy Lit" namely a spin off from Chick Lit the new genre of chick lit. As the name suggests, Mommy Lit focuses on women dealing with new motherhood. Chick Lit and Mommy Lit tend to be humorous and irreverent. They often focus on ordinary details of women’s lives in a way that other woman-focused genres might not. These are not yet official genres, but there are certain publishing houses that have imprints specifically for publishing Chick Lit and Mommy Lit.
The Kinds of Chick lit
There are two kinds of chick lit:
There's the straight-up kind, offered with no pretense or apology, identifiable by the high-heeled shoe, martini glass or gown on its cover, and then there's lit chick lit, which attempts to straddle the conventions of chick lit and the ambitions of literary fiction.
To put it another way, lit chick lit dresses the bones of chick lit in a less conventional dress than the polka-dotted gown pictured on the cover of Katie Crouch's first novel, "Girls in Trucks."
The Formula of Chick lit
Is there a Chick Lit formula, or certain “must haves”?
I think some of the earlier books in the Chick Lit genre could have been called formulaic, but now the genre has evolved and broadened to encompass a wide range of complex issues. I think the problem with Chick Lit - if it has one - is that because all the books tend to be packaged and marketed in the same sort of way, it’s very hard to tell the quality of the contents from the covers. It all tends to look the same, but in the genre there is everything from young women struggling with career and boyfriend problems to more mature women coping with complex relationship and lifestyle issues. ‘Must haves’ for me include a strong, feisty heroine who solves her own problems while keeping a dozen balls in the air - normal, everyday stuff! It helps if there’s a drop-dead gorgeous hero somewhere in there too… : )
There's some variation in the chick lit world, of course, but the formula is as follows: Girl is guy-less; girl is miserable because she's guy-less; girl meets a seemingly unattainable guy (let's call him Prince Charming) whom the reader realizes is wonderful, but whom our heroine thinks is a prideful jerk; girl meets a second guy (let's call him Cad) whom she thinks is wonderful, but whom the reader realizes is a prideful jerk; girl gets romantically involved with Cad; Cad kicks girl to the curb; girl is rescued by Prince Charming. They live happily ever after.
Chick Lit Characters
Every stereotypical chick lit protagonist needs a supportive best friend. After all, "female friendship" is supposed to one of the themes in chick lit-- and in good chick lit, the author introduces interesting female friends. However, in stereotypical chick lit, there's no need to create a BFF who's any different from anyone else's. To be truly stereotypical, the supportive best friend must do all of the following:
Love shoe shopping with the protagonist.
Love eating ice cream with the protagonist. (Cosmos are optional.)
Console the protagonist about breakups.
Console the protagonist about her overbearing mother
Offer the protagonist wise advice about dating, including the fact that she really ought to be dating that nice guy in the office she keeps ignoring
The Overbearing Mother
The Guy She Ought to Fall in Love With
Why Sex and the city regarded as chick lit?
Chick Lit is huge right now — one of the fastest -growing genres in publishing today. Why are women crying out for these stories now, more than ever before? What are some of the current market trends?
Actually, Chick Lit is melding back into women’s fiction right now. Women are the largest portion of readers in the market, and they’re constant consumers. Right now, women are looking for more serious subjects, veering away from the traditional Chick Lit motifs like Sex In The City
How popular is sex and the city
Sex and the city is the third top ten chick lit in Penny Zang
Apr 19, 2008
Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell
(Grand Central Publishing, 1997)
Have there ever been four more memorable female friends? Sometimes people forget that Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte started as characters in a book. You can thank Bushnell for all the future books about shopaholics with witty friends who also live in the city.
ISBN-13: 978-0446673549
(Http: \chik lit\Top Ten Chick Lit Novels A Beginner’s Guide to the Sub-genre of Women’s Fiction and Romance.mht)
Sex and the City is a collection of essays by Candace Bushnell based on her and her friends' lifestyles.[citation needed] It was first published in 1997, and re-published in 2001, 2006, and in 2008 as 10th anniversary movie tie-in edition.
( www. Wikipedia.org )
Sex and the city sold out
SUNDAY 9:00 a.m. (Pacific): Warner Bros. has told me this morning that Sex and the City scored an estimated $17.7 million on Saturday, and they are calling for $55.7 million for opening weekend
Kristin Davis' 'Sex and the City' Date Sold for 52,100 U.S. Dollar
March 26, 2008 03:47:38 GMT
A date with Kristin Davis to the "Sex and the City" movie premiere in New York City in May 2008 has been sold for a staggering $US52,100.
Sex and the City: The Movie was released nationwide May 30, 2008 and, as of December 24, 2008, has made $413,129,126 worldwide.
The Sex and the City: The Movie DVD was released on September 23, 2008.
(www.answer.com)
Box office performance
The film has experienced commercial success. Opening in 3,285 theaters, the film made $26.93 million in the US and Canada on its first day. The three-day opening weekend total was $57,038,404, aggregating $17,363 per theater. The film recorded the biggest opening ever for an R-rated comedy and for a romantic comedy,[19] and also for a film starring a woman.[20] As of October, 2008, the film has grossed $152,619,616 at the US and Canadian box office, and $256,274,667 in other markets, bringing the worldwide total gross revenue to $408,921,925. (www.answer.com)
The List of sex and the city episodes
Main article: List of Sex and the City episodes
Season Ep # First Airdate Last Airdate
Season 1
12 June 6, 1998 August 23, 1998
Season 2
18 June 6, 1999 October 3, 1999
Season 3
18 June 4, 2000 October 15, 2000
Season 4
18 June 3, 2001 February 10, 2002
Season 5
8 July 21, 2002 September 8, 2002
Season 6
20 June 22, 2003 February 22, 2004
What makes sex and the city interesting?
There are some comment from the readers about sex and the city. These comment show that sex and the city is popular chick lit.
" Fascinating... hilarious... Welcome to the cruel planet that is Manhattan. " — Los Angeles Times
" Sly... Sharp... Sex and the City succeeds. " — People
A woman has many things to worry about, being too successful, too beautiful, too smart, too rich, too accomplished...some guys may find the stupid, 20th C girls charming, but in the book, we can find four smart, beautiful, interesting, successful and confident women showing their life to us--a life about men, sex, and the city. --- lolita260 from Canton,China
“It has the ring of truth….. Sump up the fascinate Manhattan mind-set with considerable fair” – Jonathan Yardley, Washington post book world
“ A breath of fresh air… a forceful display of the merits of the journalistic approach to sexual relations … a realism that rivals Tom Wolfe’s Bonfire of the Vanities” __ Wall street Journal
“ Fun Bushnell is a skilled eaves dropper and a bright stylist revealing to us the soft underbelly of high society” ___ Newsday
“ Fascinating and hunting… an oddly touching collection.”___ Kirkus
Addictive….. a collection of witty, socially relevant vignetess” __ Elle
“ irrestible, hilarious, and horrific, stylishly written.”__ Bret Easton Ellis
“ Hilarious…. Entertaining…. Bushnell is a deft writer, possessing a sly sense of humor and sharp insight into human behavior” ____ People
C. CONCLUSION
Sex and the city is one of the popular chick lit. It sold out not only in America but also in Indonesia as well.
Its popularity makes the producer made into movie and also TV series as well.
In short chick lit can be a starting point for discussion of why women’s writing matters, the evolution of women writing, and the importance of women perspective in fiction.
1. Definition of chick lit
Chick lit is a term used to denote genre fiction within women's fiction written for and marketed to young women, especially single, working women in their twenties and thirties.
Women’s Fiction: Women's fiction, also known as "Chick Lit," is sometimes considered a sub-genre of romance. It borrows some elements of romance, yet does not necessarily focus on the pursuit of one relationship or the happily ever after ending. Chick Lit tends to feature sophisticated, savvy women in their 20s and 30s, although characters can be older or younger. (Defining the Genres
By Jennifer Crispin© 2004,
Jennifer Crisp in
http://fmwriters.com/Visionback/Issue19/themedefine.htm )
The characters might bounce from man to man in search of the perfect relationship, or they might focus more on their friends and jobs. They are generally looking for a perfect something, whether it’s a perfect man, a perfect figure, a perfect job, or a perfect pair of shoes.
2. Sex and the City
a. Novel
Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell (Grand Central Publishing, 1997)
Have there ever been four more memorable female friends? Sometimes people forget that Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte started as characters in a book. The novel sex and the city picture the brand minded glamour and also sexual relationship. It tells about the Bachelor and Spinsters and their life style.
b. Movie
Sex and the City took place in Manhattan in 2008. It is a spin off from the television show that ran for six seasons. At the very beginning of the movie, Carrie, the main character, starts out expressing that the only reason young women move to New York City is to shop for the labels and to fall in love. This foreshadows the entire film because it is about the designer clothing the characters wear and the different relationship problems each character has. After the series end, four years past, and the characters lives have all changed. Carrie Bradshaw, the main character, is dating her on and off again boyfriend Jonathan Big. They buy an apartment together and get engaged. The story consists of their up-and-down relationship. He gets cold feet the day of the wedding and her three best friends, Charlotte York, Miranda Hobbes, and Samantha Jones, all go with her to Mexico, on the trip that was intended to be her and “Mr. Big’s” honeymoon. The rest of the movie shows how she deals with the pain of heartbreak and how her friends are there to help her
c. TV Series
The TV series differ from the movie and the novel. The novel gives imagination through the strong word. The movie is designed to be watch in the shorter time than the TV series. And TV series is picturing slower than the movie. The plot is designed to be enjoyed in different style. Sex and the City is an American cable television series. The original run of the show was broadcast on HBO from 1998 until 2004, for a total of six seasons. ( www.answer.com )
B. DISCUSSION
Chick lit at actually derived from Chick American slang term for young woman and lit is short for literature. The phrase chick lit is analogous to the term chick flick. The definition of chick lit varies widely and tinged with shades of backlash. Carole Desanti, the United States editor for Helen Fielding (Bridget Jones Diary) and Melissa Banks (The girls’ Guide to Hunting and fishing) notes:
Initially women writers were trying to find a way to write about their lived experience that was vibrant and authentic and creative and artful. Now there is a range definitions for chick lit, but the one we seem to be settling in with is the one that trivialize and dismisses it (Danford, N. 2003, “is chick lit still chick?”, publisher weekly, vol.250, no.42. pp.5-20)
Ferris and Young state that to list potentially compelling themes in chick lit: identity, sexuality, friendship as family, and balancing work and relationship.
The term chick lit has versus namely lad lit or Dick lit means literature written by men, with the main character being male. It is classified under the chick lit because the tone is very similar to chick lit’s tone. The men in these books are often going through dating, work scenarios, love, family issues and more. Another term is "Mommy Lit" namely a spin off from Chick Lit the new genre of chick lit. As the name suggests, Mommy Lit focuses on women dealing with new motherhood. Chick Lit and Mommy Lit tend to be humorous and irreverent. They often focus on ordinary details of women’s lives in a way that other woman-focused genres might not. These are not yet official genres, but there are certain publishing houses that have imprints specifically for publishing Chick Lit and Mommy Lit.
The Kinds of Chick lit
There are two kinds of chick lit:
There's the straight-up kind, offered with no pretense or apology, identifiable by the high-heeled shoe, martini glass or gown on its cover, and then there's lit chick lit, which attempts to straddle the conventions of chick lit and the ambitions of literary fiction.
To put it another way, lit chick lit dresses the bones of chick lit in a less conventional dress than the polka-dotted gown pictured on the cover of Katie Crouch's first novel, "Girls in Trucks."
The Formula of Chick lit
Is there a Chick Lit formula, or certain “must haves”?
I think some of the earlier books in the Chick Lit genre could have been called formulaic, but now the genre has evolved and broadened to encompass a wide range of complex issues. I think the problem with Chick Lit - if it has one - is that because all the books tend to be packaged and marketed in the same sort of way, it’s very hard to tell the quality of the contents from the covers. It all tends to look the same, but in the genre there is everything from young women struggling with career and boyfriend problems to more mature women coping with complex relationship and lifestyle issues. ‘Must haves’ for me include a strong, feisty heroine who solves her own problems while keeping a dozen balls in the air - normal, everyday stuff! It helps if there’s a drop-dead gorgeous hero somewhere in there too… : )
There's some variation in the chick lit world, of course, but the formula is as follows: Girl is guy-less; girl is miserable because she's guy-less; girl meets a seemingly unattainable guy (let's call him Prince Charming) whom the reader realizes is wonderful, but whom our heroine thinks is a prideful jerk; girl meets a second guy (let's call him Cad) whom she thinks is wonderful, but whom the reader realizes is a prideful jerk; girl gets romantically involved with Cad; Cad kicks girl to the curb; girl is rescued by Prince Charming. They live happily ever after.
Chick Lit Characters
Every stereotypical chick lit protagonist needs a supportive best friend. After all, "female friendship" is supposed to one of the themes in chick lit-- and in good chick lit, the author introduces interesting female friends. However, in stereotypical chick lit, there's no need to create a BFF who's any different from anyone else's. To be truly stereotypical, the supportive best friend must do all of the following:
Love shoe shopping with the protagonist.
Love eating ice cream with the protagonist. (Cosmos are optional.)
Console the protagonist about breakups.
Console the protagonist about her overbearing mother
Offer the protagonist wise advice about dating, including the fact that she really ought to be dating that nice guy in the office she keeps ignoring
The Overbearing Mother
The Guy She Ought to Fall in Love With
Why Sex and the city regarded as chick lit?
Chick Lit is huge right now — one of the fastest -growing genres in publishing today. Why are women crying out for these stories now, more than ever before? What are some of the current market trends?
Actually, Chick Lit is melding back into women’s fiction right now. Women are the largest portion of readers in the market, and they’re constant consumers. Right now, women are looking for more serious subjects, veering away from the traditional Chick Lit motifs like Sex In The City
How popular is sex and the city
Sex and the city is the third top ten chick lit in Penny Zang
Apr 19, 2008
Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell
(Grand Central Publishing, 1997)
Have there ever been four more memorable female friends? Sometimes people forget that Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte started as characters in a book. You can thank Bushnell for all the future books about shopaholics with witty friends who also live in the city.
ISBN-13: 978-0446673549
(Http: \chik lit\Top Ten Chick Lit Novels A Beginner’s Guide to the Sub-genre of Women’s Fiction and Romance.mht)
Sex and the City is a collection of essays by Candace Bushnell based on her and her friends' lifestyles.[citation needed] It was first published in 1997, and re-published in 2001, 2006, and in 2008 as 10th anniversary movie tie-in edition.
( www. Wikipedia.org )
Sex and the city sold out
SUNDAY 9:00 a.m. (Pacific): Warner Bros. has told me this morning that Sex and the City scored an estimated $17.7 million on Saturday, and they are calling for $55.7 million for opening weekend
Kristin Davis' 'Sex and the City' Date Sold for 52,100 U.S. Dollar
March 26, 2008 03:47:38 GMT
A date with Kristin Davis to the "Sex and the City" movie premiere in New York City in May 2008 has been sold for a staggering $US52,100.
Sex and the City: The Movie was released nationwide May 30, 2008 and, as of December 24, 2008, has made $413,129,126 worldwide.
The Sex and the City: The Movie DVD was released on September 23, 2008.
(www.answer.com)
Box office performance
The film has experienced commercial success. Opening in 3,285 theaters, the film made $26.93 million in the US and Canada on its first day. The three-day opening weekend total was $57,038,404, aggregating $17,363 per theater. The film recorded the biggest opening ever for an R-rated comedy and for a romantic comedy,[19] and also for a film starring a woman.[20] As of October, 2008, the film has grossed $152,619,616 at the US and Canadian box office, and $256,274,667 in other markets, bringing the worldwide total gross revenue to $408,921,925. (www.answer.com)
The List of sex and the city episodes
Main article: List of Sex and the City episodes
Season Ep # First Airdate Last Airdate
Season 1
12 June 6, 1998 August 23, 1998
Season 2
18 June 6, 1999 October 3, 1999
Season 3
18 June 4, 2000 October 15, 2000
Season 4
18 June 3, 2001 February 10, 2002
Season 5
8 July 21, 2002 September 8, 2002
Season 6
20 June 22, 2003 February 22, 2004
What makes sex and the city interesting?
There are some comment from the readers about sex and the city. These comment show that sex and the city is popular chick lit.
" Fascinating... hilarious... Welcome to the cruel planet that is Manhattan. " — Los Angeles Times
" Sly... Sharp... Sex and the City succeeds. " — People
A woman has many things to worry about, being too successful, too beautiful, too smart, too rich, too accomplished...some guys may find the stupid, 20th C girls charming, but in the book, we can find four smart, beautiful, interesting, successful and confident women showing their life to us--a life about men, sex, and the city. --- lolita260 from Canton,China
“It has the ring of truth….. Sump up the fascinate Manhattan mind-set with considerable fair” – Jonathan Yardley, Washington post book world
“ A breath of fresh air… a forceful display of the merits of the journalistic approach to sexual relations … a realism that rivals Tom Wolfe’s Bonfire of the Vanities” __ Wall street Journal
“ Fun Bushnell is a skilled eaves dropper and a bright stylist revealing to us the soft underbelly of high society” ___ Newsday
“ Fascinating and hunting… an oddly touching collection.”___ Kirkus
Addictive….. a collection of witty, socially relevant vignetess” __ Elle
“ irrestible, hilarious, and horrific, stylishly written.”__ Bret Easton Ellis
“ Hilarious…. Entertaining…. Bushnell is a deft writer, possessing a sly sense of humor and sharp insight into human behavior” ____ People
C. CONCLUSION
Sex and the city is one of the popular chick lit. It sold out not only in America but also in Indonesia as well.
Its popularity makes the producer made into movie and also TV series as well.
In short chick lit can be a starting point for discussion of why women’s writing matters, the evolution of women writing, and the importance of women perspective in fiction.
THE FORMULA OF CLASSICAL DETECTIVE STORY
THE MYTHOLOGY OF CRIME AND ITS FORMULAIC EMBODIMENT
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries crime was still primarily a religious and moral matter. An offense against the law was or God and given harsh and terrible punishment. Crime represented the considerable sympathy and complex attention to motive and social context. During the nineteenth century moral feeling about crime might be called an aesthetic approach to subject.
Two Major formulaic pattern in the literature of crime of 1920s and 1930s – gangster tragedy and had boiled detective tale-embodied significant shifts in both archetype and cultural mythology. These new formulas made protagonist out of lower-class figures characterized by crudeness, aggressive violence, and alienation from the respectable morality of society.
THE FORMULA OF CLASSICAL DETECTIVE STORY
The first archetypal form of detective story is pure mystery. Since world war II other formulas that include some element of mystery archetype, but are also stories of adventure or melodrama- the hard boiled detective story, the spy story, the police procedural tale, the gangster saga, and the Enforces caper- have become increasingly popular.
Pattern of The formula
The formula of classical detective story can be described as conventional way of defining and developing particular kinds of situations, actions, characters and relation between them, and type of setting.
Detective story writers largely based their work on Poe’s inventions.
1. Situation. The classical detective story begins with an unsolved crime and move towards the elucidation of its mystery. Two major type of crime on which much of detective literature bases itself: Murder, frequently with sexual or grotesque over tones and Crime associated with political intrigue.
2. Pattern of action. The detective story formula centers upon the detective’s investigation and solution of the crime. Exemplify six main phases of this pattern (a) introduction of the detective; (b) crime and clues; (c) investigation; (d) announcement and the solution; (e) explanation of the solution; (g) denouement.
3. Characters and relationship. The classical detective story required four main roles: (a) the victim; (b) the criminal; (c) the detective; (d) those threatened by the crime but incapable of solving it.
4. Setting. In devising the setting Poe set the pattern for the classical detective story take place in isolated settings clearly marked off from the rest of the world. The combination of the isolated place and the bustling world outside is repeated in classical detective story. The setting performs many functions: it furnishes a limited and controlled backdrop against which the clues and suspects so central to the story can be silhouetted. It also fosters that special kind of suspends. It symbolic representation relation between surface rationality and hidden depth of guilt.
Cultural background of the formula
Haycraft’s theory as detective story as an affirmation of democratic ideal of legal process does offer a relation to a specific historical period. The mythology crime that is embodied is general characteristic is the transformation of crime into a game or puzzle, the aestheticizing of crime. The special emphasizes in the classical detective formula on domestic crimes as opposed to political or social crimes.
THE ART OF THE CLASSICAL DETECTIVE STORY
Christy and Sayers exemplify two possibilities for art within the formula of the classical detective story: (1) combines a pure ingenuity of ratiocination and mystification with other narrative interests completely subordinated to their rule in structure. (2) Uses classical formula pattern to body forth a variety of other narrative interest, in this case a vision of justice and society embedded in an allegory of the mystery of divine providence.
The golden age of detection is the past. The most important influence of the classical detective story since World War II has been on the new “post modern novel”
THE HARD BOILED DETECTIVE STORY
One of the most important aspects of hard –boiled formula is the special role of the modern city as background. The pattern formula: solution to the detective quest for the discovery and accomplishment of justice, and intimidation and temptation hero passing across a series of potential suspects. It set out to investigate crime but he must go the solution to personal choice or action. Usually the end of the story is a confrontation between detective and criminal.
References;
Cawelti: Adventure, Mystery, and romance: Formula stories as art and popular culture
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries crime was still primarily a religious and moral matter. An offense against the law was or God and given harsh and terrible punishment. Crime represented the considerable sympathy and complex attention to motive and social context. During the nineteenth century moral feeling about crime might be called an aesthetic approach to subject.
Two Major formulaic pattern in the literature of crime of 1920s and 1930s – gangster tragedy and had boiled detective tale-embodied significant shifts in both archetype and cultural mythology. These new formulas made protagonist out of lower-class figures characterized by crudeness, aggressive violence, and alienation from the respectable morality of society.
THE FORMULA OF CLASSICAL DETECTIVE STORY
The first archetypal form of detective story is pure mystery. Since world war II other formulas that include some element of mystery archetype, but are also stories of adventure or melodrama- the hard boiled detective story, the spy story, the police procedural tale, the gangster saga, and the Enforces caper- have become increasingly popular.
Pattern of The formula
The formula of classical detective story can be described as conventional way of defining and developing particular kinds of situations, actions, characters and relation between them, and type of setting.
Detective story writers largely based their work on Poe’s inventions.
1. Situation. The classical detective story begins with an unsolved crime and move towards the elucidation of its mystery. Two major type of crime on which much of detective literature bases itself: Murder, frequently with sexual or grotesque over tones and Crime associated with political intrigue.
2. Pattern of action. The detective story formula centers upon the detective’s investigation and solution of the crime. Exemplify six main phases of this pattern (a) introduction of the detective; (b) crime and clues; (c) investigation; (d) announcement and the solution; (e) explanation of the solution; (g) denouement.
3. Characters and relationship. The classical detective story required four main roles: (a) the victim; (b) the criminal; (c) the detective; (d) those threatened by the crime but incapable of solving it.
4. Setting. In devising the setting Poe set the pattern for the classical detective story take place in isolated settings clearly marked off from the rest of the world. The combination of the isolated place and the bustling world outside is repeated in classical detective story. The setting performs many functions: it furnishes a limited and controlled backdrop against which the clues and suspects so central to the story can be silhouetted. It also fosters that special kind of suspends. It symbolic representation relation between surface rationality and hidden depth of guilt.
Cultural background of the formula
Haycraft’s theory as detective story as an affirmation of democratic ideal of legal process does offer a relation to a specific historical period. The mythology crime that is embodied is general characteristic is the transformation of crime into a game or puzzle, the aestheticizing of crime. The special emphasizes in the classical detective formula on domestic crimes as opposed to political or social crimes.
THE ART OF THE CLASSICAL DETECTIVE STORY
Christy and Sayers exemplify two possibilities for art within the formula of the classical detective story: (1) combines a pure ingenuity of ratiocination and mystification with other narrative interests completely subordinated to their rule in structure. (2) Uses classical formula pattern to body forth a variety of other narrative interest, in this case a vision of justice and society embedded in an allegory of the mystery of divine providence.
The golden age of detection is the past. The most important influence of the classical detective story since World War II has been on the new “post modern novel”
THE HARD BOILED DETECTIVE STORY
One of the most important aspects of hard –boiled formula is the special role of the modern city as background. The pattern formula: solution to the detective quest for the discovery and accomplishment of justice, and intimidation and temptation hero passing across a series of potential suspects. It set out to investigate crime but he must go the solution to personal choice or action. Usually the end of the story is a confrontation between detective and criminal.
References;
Cawelti: Adventure, Mystery, and romance: Formula stories as art and popular culture
5/10/2009
Setting and characters the three Musketeers
Setting the three Musketeers
17th century France, the long journey to England, and some heavy-duty Gothic backdrops
For the most part, the micro-settings of The Three Musketeers are in various apartments around Paris or inns in the countryside of France.
In the Harbor, ship. The Tuesday midnight to sent the letter.
In the kingdom of France.
.
Characters and characterization the three Musketeers
D'Artagnan
• The main character of the novel, d’Artagnan was raised in the French province of Gascony, an area known for its courageous and brave men.
• He is brave, noble, ambitious, crafty, intelligent, honesty and integrity and also friendly to the three Musketeer.
• His loyalty to both the king and the cardinal, and his expert swordsmanship. By the end of the novel, d’Artagnan’s dream of becoming a member of the King’s Musketeers is fulfilled, and he is given a commission in the company.
Planchet
• PLanchet is d’Artagnan’s servant.
• He is ultimately the sharpest of the servants.
• Planchet is prudent, but still exhibits moments of great courage and ingenuity.
Athos
• The most important in the three Musketeers.
• Athos is wise man and become a father figure to d'Artagnan.
• He is --intellect, appearance, bravery, swordsmanship--yet he is tortured by a deep melancholy, the source of which no one knows.
Grimaud
• Grimaud is Athos’s servant. His master is mannerly and rather reticent.
• He is A dignified silence passes between them, and thus Grimaud upholds the quiet nobility of his master.
Aramis
• He passes his time as a musketeer.
• Aramis will enter the priesthood. Being brought up in a monastery it was expect of him to become a Priest.
• A young Musketeer, one of the great Three.
• Aramis is a handsome young man, quiet and somewhat foppish. He constantly protests.
• Aramis has a mysterious mistress, Madame de Chevreuse, a high noblewoman, whose existence and identity he tries to keep from his friends.
Bazin
• Bazin is Aramis’s servant. He has religious life and faithfull.
• His utmost desire is to be the servant of a high church official.
Porthos
• The most secular of the three musketeers.
• Porthos is extremely proud of his worldly good looks and his fine physique.
• He enjoys good food and comfortable surroundings.
• Porthos, the third of the Three Musketeers, is loud, brash, and self-important.
Mousqueton
• Mousqueton is Porthos’s servant.
• Like his master, Mousqueton is knowledgeable about secular things.
• Enjoy his finer things
Monsieur de Treville
• de Treville is the captain of the King’s Musketeers and an old friend of d’Artagnan’s fa.
• He also acts as d’Artagnan’s special advisor.
• Monsieur de Treville is an honorable and distinguished gentleman, and close friend to the King.
• Fatherish. He treats all his Musketeers as his sons
Monsieur Bonacieux
• He is d’Artagnan’s immoral landlord.
• Irresponsible man and devil
• He assists in the kidnapping of his own wife.
Constance Bonacieux
• She is Bonacieux's wife who is more than thirty years younger than her husband.
• She loves d’Artagnan and he loves her too
• she has become the queen’s linen maid,
• She is very loyal to the queen.
Lady de Winter.
• "Milady"She represents the essence of evil in the novel.
• She is d’Artagnan’s main adversary and is bent on revenge.
• At first, d’Artagnan is deeply attracted to her physical beauty and charm even after discovering her plot to kill him.
• She acts as the cardinal’s personal spy and is responsible for the deaths of
(1) a young priest;
(2) the duke of Buckingham;
(3) de Winter’s assistant, John Felton;
(4) Constance Bonacieux; and
(5) she is probably responsible for her husband, de Winter’s, death.
• In all truth, she is responsible for the deaths of countless insignificant people who got in the way of her conspiracies.
• Milady is finally tracked down by d’Artagnan. the three musketeers, and her brother-in-law, where she is tried and beheaded for her terrible crimes.
Lord de WinterLady de Winter’s brother-in-law.
• He suspects that Milady killed his brother in order to inherit vast family properties.
King Louis XIII The king of France.
• He is not a very strong or effective king. Dependent and weak character in taking decision.
• Dominated by his advisor
• He despises Cardinal Richelieu but is nevertheless dependant on this powerful man.
Queen Anne, or Anne of AustriaThe
• Queen is romantically involved with the duke of Buckingham
• She is a powerful politician in England.
• Anne is faithful and loyal to her husband, the weak and incapable king of France.
Cardinal Richelieu.
• He is the antagonist of the novel.
• The Cardinal was one of the most powerful diplomats of his time.
• He is controlling both individual people and nations with his clever schemes.
• Cardinal is presented as the adversary to the queen. Richelieu has spies throughout the country, constantly monitoring the activities of the musketeers even though he clearly respects their bravery and courage.
• The Cardinal espessially respects d’Artagnan, to whom he makes a lieutenant.
• He is furiously self-absorbed, but also an extremely effective leader of the state
• Richelieu works hard to maintain the reputation and power of the king, since this is the stock on which his own status is based.
George Villiers, duke of Buckingham
• Buckingham is the perfect English gentleman, handsome, witty, brave, wealthy, and powerful.
• Next to the King of England The Duke is much like the cardinal, he controls England like the Cardinal controls France.
• These two men once strived for the love of Queen Anne, but ever since the duke won, the two have been enemies—in terms of politics and love.
• Buckingham is reputed to be the most handsome, powerful, wealthy, and influencial man in Europe.
• He is a Favorite and Minister of War for King Charles I of England.
John Felton.
• Felton is a protestant and crazed puritan whom Milady is able to manipulate for her own good.
• Felton is Milady’s instrument whereby she can bring about the duke’s death.
• A British naval officer
Count de Rochefort, “The Man from Meung”
• Count de Rochefort is a personal representative of the cardinal
• He is also d’Artagnan’s nemesis.
• He is the man who steals d’Artagnan’s introduction to Treville while d’Artagnan is on his way to Paris, also Rochefort appears many times in unnexpected settings.
• Rochefort is the man who was twice ordered to capture Constance Bonacieux, also he is the man who tries to arrest d’Artagnan for the cardinal, who later orders the two men to become friend
17th century France, the long journey to England, and some heavy-duty Gothic backdrops
For the most part, the micro-settings of The Three Musketeers are in various apartments around Paris or inns in the countryside of France.
In the Harbor, ship. The Tuesday midnight to sent the letter.
In the kingdom of France.
.
Characters and characterization the three Musketeers
D'Artagnan
• The main character of the novel, d’Artagnan was raised in the French province of Gascony, an area known for its courageous and brave men.
• He is brave, noble, ambitious, crafty, intelligent, honesty and integrity and also friendly to the three Musketeer.
• His loyalty to both the king and the cardinal, and his expert swordsmanship. By the end of the novel, d’Artagnan’s dream of becoming a member of the King’s Musketeers is fulfilled, and he is given a commission in the company.
Planchet
• PLanchet is d’Artagnan’s servant.
• He is ultimately the sharpest of the servants.
• Planchet is prudent, but still exhibits moments of great courage and ingenuity.
Athos
• The most important in the three Musketeers.
• Athos is wise man and become a father figure to d'Artagnan.
• He is --intellect, appearance, bravery, swordsmanship--yet he is tortured by a deep melancholy, the source of which no one knows.
Grimaud
• Grimaud is Athos’s servant. His master is mannerly and rather reticent.
• He is A dignified silence passes between them, and thus Grimaud upholds the quiet nobility of his master.
Aramis
• He passes his time as a musketeer.
• Aramis will enter the priesthood. Being brought up in a monastery it was expect of him to become a Priest.
• A young Musketeer, one of the great Three.
• Aramis is a handsome young man, quiet and somewhat foppish. He constantly protests.
• Aramis has a mysterious mistress, Madame de Chevreuse, a high noblewoman, whose existence and identity he tries to keep from his friends.
Bazin
• Bazin is Aramis’s servant. He has religious life and faithfull.
• His utmost desire is to be the servant of a high church official.
Porthos
• The most secular of the three musketeers.
• Porthos is extremely proud of his worldly good looks and his fine physique.
• He enjoys good food and comfortable surroundings.
• Porthos, the third of the Three Musketeers, is loud, brash, and self-important.
Mousqueton
• Mousqueton is Porthos’s servant.
• Like his master, Mousqueton is knowledgeable about secular things.
• Enjoy his finer things
Monsieur de Treville
• de Treville is the captain of the King’s Musketeers and an old friend of d’Artagnan’s fa.
• He also acts as d’Artagnan’s special advisor.
• Monsieur de Treville is an honorable and distinguished gentleman, and close friend to the King.
• Fatherish. He treats all his Musketeers as his sons
Monsieur Bonacieux
• He is d’Artagnan’s immoral landlord.
• Irresponsible man and devil
• He assists in the kidnapping of his own wife.
Constance Bonacieux
• She is Bonacieux's wife who is more than thirty years younger than her husband.
• She loves d’Artagnan and he loves her too
• she has become the queen’s linen maid,
• She is very loyal to the queen.
Lady de Winter.
• "Milady"She represents the essence of evil in the novel.
• She is d’Artagnan’s main adversary and is bent on revenge.
• At first, d’Artagnan is deeply attracted to her physical beauty and charm even after discovering her plot to kill him.
• She acts as the cardinal’s personal spy and is responsible for the deaths of
(1) a young priest;
(2) the duke of Buckingham;
(3) de Winter’s assistant, John Felton;
(4) Constance Bonacieux; and
(5) she is probably responsible for her husband, de Winter’s, death.
• In all truth, she is responsible for the deaths of countless insignificant people who got in the way of her conspiracies.
• Milady is finally tracked down by d’Artagnan. the three musketeers, and her brother-in-law, where she is tried and beheaded for her terrible crimes.
Lord de WinterLady de Winter’s brother-in-law.
• He suspects that Milady killed his brother in order to inherit vast family properties.
King Louis XIII The king of France.
• He is not a very strong or effective king. Dependent and weak character in taking decision.
• Dominated by his advisor
• He despises Cardinal Richelieu but is nevertheless dependant on this powerful man.
Queen Anne, or Anne of AustriaThe
• Queen is romantically involved with the duke of Buckingham
• She is a powerful politician in England.
• Anne is faithful and loyal to her husband, the weak and incapable king of France.
Cardinal Richelieu.
• He is the antagonist of the novel.
• The Cardinal was one of the most powerful diplomats of his time.
• He is controlling both individual people and nations with his clever schemes.
• Cardinal is presented as the adversary to the queen. Richelieu has spies throughout the country, constantly monitoring the activities of the musketeers even though he clearly respects their bravery and courage.
• The Cardinal espessially respects d’Artagnan, to whom he makes a lieutenant.
• He is furiously self-absorbed, but also an extremely effective leader of the state
• Richelieu works hard to maintain the reputation and power of the king, since this is the stock on which his own status is based.
George Villiers, duke of Buckingham
• Buckingham is the perfect English gentleman, handsome, witty, brave, wealthy, and powerful.
• Next to the King of England The Duke is much like the cardinal, he controls England like the Cardinal controls France.
• These two men once strived for the love of Queen Anne, but ever since the duke won, the two have been enemies—in terms of politics and love.
• Buckingham is reputed to be the most handsome, powerful, wealthy, and influencial man in Europe.
• He is a Favorite and Minister of War for King Charles I of England.
John Felton.
• Felton is a protestant and crazed puritan whom Milady is able to manipulate for her own good.
• Felton is Milady’s instrument whereby she can bring about the duke’s death.
• A British naval officer
Count de Rochefort, “The Man from Meung”
• Count de Rochefort is a personal representative of the cardinal
• He is also d’Artagnan’s nemesis.
• He is the man who steals d’Artagnan’s introduction to Treville while d’Artagnan is on his way to Paris, also Rochefort appears many times in unnexpected settings.
• Rochefort is the man who was twice ordered to capture Constance Bonacieux, also he is the man who tries to arrest d’Artagnan for the cardinal, who later orders the two men to become friend
3/19/2009
Typology of Literary Formula
Typology of Literary Formula
Adventure
The adventure novel is a literary genre that has adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, as its main theme. Adventure has been a common theme since the earliest days of written fiction (Wikipedia). The central fantasy of the adventure story is that the hero overcoming obstacles and danger and accomplishing some important and moral mission. The focus of this formula is the hero and the natures overcome the obstacles. Two types of this formula is “superhero” (involves the ties of identification between hero and audience) and “Ordinary” (grown up adventure story).
Romance
There is a wide market for the formula which combine adventure, love story, and some exotic background in the pas faraway places. The feminine equivalent of the adventure story is the romance. Usually romance has the female central characteristics but most adventure has male protagonist. The common formula of the Romance is the development of a love rlationship between man and woman. The Cinderella formula is the most well known in romance pattern in which the power of love bring happiness to the poor and common girl. The most popular present today formula is “gothic romance” or “ contemporary gothic”
Mystery
Mystery fiction is a loosely-defined term that is often used as a synonym of detective fiction — in other words a novel or short story in which a detective (either professional or amateur) solves a crime. The term "mystery fiction" may sometimes be limited to the subset of detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle element and its logical solution as a contrast to hardboiled detective stories which focus on action and gritty realism. When the main character is a likable detective, the mystery is suspenseful. However, in more general usage "mystery" may be used to describe any form of crime fiction, even if there is no mystery to be solved. The fundamental principle of the mystery story is the investigation and discovery of hidden secrets. Mystery also involves the isolation clue.
Melodrama
Melodrama is like farce that it has little regard for attention to human values. It can be combine between drama and music but as time went gone the music disappeared. Sometimes it presented with the exagerated humor, unusual thing that happen fast and mysteriously. The type of melodramahas at its center the moral fantasy of showing forth the essential “rightness” of the world order. Some of popular pattern is tragedy and evil, benevolent and right. Although it was suferring of the good shows the hand of God work.
Alien Beings or States
The strangest of formulaic types consists of storis dealing with alien being and sates. The most popular formula is the horror story about the destruction of some monsters. The key characteristics of this type is the representation of some alien being or state and the underlying moral fantasy is our dream that the unknowable can be known and related to in some meaningful fashion. The evoking fear become the entertaining when we understand and also can relate them.
Reference : Cawelti (Adventure, Mystery and Romance: Formula stories as Art and popular Culture)
Adventure
The adventure novel is a literary genre that has adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, as its main theme. Adventure has been a common theme since the earliest days of written fiction (Wikipedia). The central fantasy of the adventure story is that the hero overcoming obstacles and danger and accomplishing some important and moral mission. The focus of this formula is the hero and the natures overcome the obstacles. Two types of this formula is “superhero” (involves the ties of identification between hero and audience) and “Ordinary” (grown up adventure story).
Romance
There is a wide market for the formula which combine adventure, love story, and some exotic background in the pas faraway places. The feminine equivalent of the adventure story is the romance. Usually romance has the female central characteristics but most adventure has male protagonist. The common formula of the Romance is the development of a love rlationship between man and woman. The Cinderella formula is the most well known in romance pattern in which the power of love bring happiness to the poor and common girl. The most popular present today formula is “gothic romance” or “ contemporary gothic”
Mystery
Mystery fiction is a loosely-defined term that is often used as a synonym of detective fiction — in other words a novel or short story in which a detective (either professional or amateur) solves a crime. The term "mystery fiction" may sometimes be limited to the subset of detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle element and its logical solution as a contrast to hardboiled detective stories which focus on action and gritty realism. When the main character is a likable detective, the mystery is suspenseful. However, in more general usage "mystery" may be used to describe any form of crime fiction, even if there is no mystery to be solved. The fundamental principle of the mystery story is the investigation and discovery of hidden secrets. Mystery also involves the isolation clue.
Melodrama
Melodrama is like farce that it has little regard for attention to human values. It can be combine between drama and music but as time went gone the music disappeared. Sometimes it presented with the exagerated humor, unusual thing that happen fast and mysteriously. The type of melodramahas at its center the moral fantasy of showing forth the essential “rightness” of the world order. Some of popular pattern is tragedy and evil, benevolent and right. Although it was suferring of the good shows the hand of God work.
Alien Beings or States
The strangest of formulaic types consists of storis dealing with alien being and sates. The most popular formula is the horror story about the destruction of some monsters. The key characteristics of this type is the representation of some alien being or state and the underlying moral fantasy is our dream that the unknowable can be known and related to in some meaningful fashion. The evoking fear become the entertaining when we understand and also can relate them.
Reference : Cawelti (Adventure, Mystery and Romance: Formula stories as Art and popular Culture)
The Work of Literature
THE WORK OF LITERATURE
The work of literature is consisting of fiction.
Poetry fiction is "a vague and general term for imaginative work, usually in prose". (Iswalono: 2000: 4). It is divided into two genres namely.
a. Novel is fictitious narrative of talk of considerable length (now usually one longs enough to fill one or more volumes) in which characters and actions representations of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
The kinds of novel are picaresque, epistolary, didactic, satirical, gothic, romance, historical, science, thriller detective and my story, and regional novel.
b. Sort story it's scarcely stores at all but have some revelation of character some thought I some observation as their point
Drama, According to C Russell Reoske is a work of literature of composition which and dialogues between- a. Group of character.
The types of drama are tragedy, comedy, force, melodrama, tragic-comedy, historical plays and fantasy (Iswalono: 2000: 11).
Poetry, might be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language. (Perrine: 1974: 553).
LITERARY THEORY
Literary theory is part of a wide spread movement in the culture which has affected a movement which has explored and elucidated the complexities of meaning textuality and interpretation. (Lye: 2002: 1)
"Literary theory offers a variety of methodologies that enable readers to interpret a text from different and often conflicting points of view" (Bressler: 1994: 11). Such theorizing empowers readers to examine their personal world views, to articulate their individual assumptions concerning the nature reality, and to understand how these assumptions directly affect their interpretation and only of a work of art and but also of the definition of literature itself.
It is obvious that literary theory is very important for the readers to understand more the work of literature. Between literature and literary theory complete each other and would be meaningless if the stand by them selves beside that by knowing the literary theory and using the approach makes us wiser in judging the work of literature.
There are three classification of theory "imitative", "expressive" and "affective" (Barnet et al, 1961: 2). The imitative theory believes that art is an imitation of something. Expressive theory tell more that the artist is not an imitation but a man who expresses his feelings and the last affective theory explain that a work of art should be arouse affect of particular emotion. (Barnet et al, 1961: 3)
In using the literary theory we should use one of approach that appropriate either "intrinsic approach" or "extrinsic approach". Intrinsic approach is the internal aspect of literary without consider the outside aspect. It consists of:
1. Structural approach, namely analyze the work of literature by using all aspects in that work namely theme (the central idea), the plot (arrangement of event showing cause and effect), structure (the way the work is organize), setting (time, place) without considering outside aspect try to understand whether these aspects are supporting each other or not.
2. Stylistic approach, namely analyze the work of literature by seeing the style (how the writer write the sentence) whether it will show the relationship or support the theme or not.
3. Linguistic approach, namely language and literature can not be separated and beautify each other.
Contrary with intrinsic approach in understanding the work of literature also use extrinsic approach namely analyze the work not only based on the aspect in that work it self but also related with the reader, the society and also the writer. It's include sociological approach, philosophical approach, psychological approach and feminist approach"
1. Sociological approach (the sociology of literature approach). It will be supported by the sociology of author, sociology of works and sociology of readers. The author, the work be meaning less and can not understand without the participation of the reader (Jaus, 1974: 12).
I an Watt Supardi stated that there are three approach namely the context of the author, the reflection of the society, and social function. (Faruk: 1994: 4).
2. Philosophical approach, it is analyze the work of literature used moral value and aspect of philosophical.
3. Psychological approach, it relates with psychology aspects the attitude, the behavior and the daily life.
WHY LITERATURE IS VERY IMPORTANT?
Literature is very important for our life because it "tells us about man himself and about the ways he communicates (Dutton: 1997: 7) where as moody says that it" brings us back to the realities of human situations, problems, feelings, and relations" (1987:3)
Literature express about the fact and the problem in the society such us adultery, discrimination, social and everything that relate with human life. So the author hope that the life will be better and meaning full and also problem in the society will be Goldman stated that generally work of literary is the expression of world view imaginary. In expressing the world view the author creates the realization in imagination way such us in presenting the characters the plot and all aspect in literature to beautify the work. In expressing the idea the author tell the truth namely literary truth that inexact. They should honest in express their idea because their work will be read by many birds of people in the world.
By learning literature we will get many values such as. By reading the work of literature we will know the way of life and the value of history, culture, philosophy, religion, art, and entertainment. So we will get the life meaningful. And better than ever before and we will think more our life and attitude that should be responsible to our self, other people and our God.
By learning literature we will understand the product of culture, having skill to judge, decide and appreciate the literary work and we can prepare for future whether our personal growth or future career. Besides that we will get source of information of history when the literature was produced we will know the culture, costume and daily activities of the society that reflected in that work. In the other hand we will get more vocabularies, and know that linguistic appearance. The structure of the language of course it will increase our ability in understanding the language that used. At last but not least we will get entertainment and pleasure from that work. So it is not wonder if said that literature is part of our life and has important role in society.
References:
Faruk (1994), Pengantar Sosilogi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko (1994), Prinsip-Prinsip Kritik Sastra, Gajah Mada, University Press, Yogyakarta.
Elizabeth and Tom Burns (1973), Sociology Literature and Drama, Locet Pritain, 1973.
Tecuw, Sastra & Ilmu Sastra Pengantar Teori Sastra, Pustaka Jaya Bandung.
Bressler Carles E (1999) Literary Criticism an Introduction to Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall.
Pradopo, Rahmat Djoko (1995), Beberapa Teori Sastra Metode Kritik & Penerapannya", Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Suswantoro (2002), Apresiasi Sastra Inggris, Muhammadiyah University Press, Surakarta.
Ratna, Nyoman Kuta (2003), Paradigma Sosiologi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Lye, John (2002), Contemporary Literary Theory,
Iswalono (2002), Hand Book Introduction to Literature, Yogyakarta.
Barnet (1961), An Introduction to Literature fiction, poetry, drama, little, Brownand company, Canada.
The work of literature is consisting of fiction.
Poetry fiction is "a vague and general term for imaginative work, usually in prose". (Iswalono: 2000: 4). It is divided into two genres namely.
a. Novel is fictitious narrative of talk of considerable length (now usually one longs enough to fill one or more volumes) in which characters and actions representations of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
The kinds of novel are picaresque, epistolary, didactic, satirical, gothic, romance, historical, science, thriller detective and my story, and regional novel.
b. Sort story it's scarcely stores at all but have some revelation of character some thought I some observation as their point
Drama, According to C Russell Reoske is a work of literature of composition which and dialogues between- a. Group of character.
The types of drama are tragedy, comedy, force, melodrama, tragic-comedy, historical plays and fantasy (Iswalono: 2000: 11).
Poetry, might be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language. (Perrine: 1974: 553).
LITERARY THEORY
Literary theory is part of a wide spread movement in the culture which has affected a movement which has explored and elucidated the complexities of meaning textuality and interpretation. (Lye: 2002: 1)
"Literary theory offers a variety of methodologies that enable readers to interpret a text from different and often conflicting points of view" (Bressler: 1994: 11). Such theorizing empowers readers to examine their personal world views, to articulate their individual assumptions concerning the nature reality, and to understand how these assumptions directly affect their interpretation and only of a work of art and but also of the definition of literature itself.
It is obvious that literary theory is very important for the readers to understand more the work of literature. Between literature and literary theory complete each other and would be meaningless if the stand by them selves beside that by knowing the literary theory and using the approach makes us wiser in judging the work of literature.
There are three classification of theory "imitative", "expressive" and "affective" (Barnet et al, 1961: 2). The imitative theory believes that art is an imitation of something. Expressive theory tell more that the artist is not an imitation but a man who expresses his feelings and the last affective theory explain that a work of art should be arouse affect of particular emotion. (Barnet et al, 1961: 3)
In using the literary theory we should use one of approach that appropriate either "intrinsic approach" or "extrinsic approach". Intrinsic approach is the internal aspect of literary without consider the outside aspect. It consists of:
1. Structural approach, namely analyze the work of literature by using all aspects in that work namely theme (the central idea), the plot (arrangement of event showing cause and effect), structure (the way the work is organize), setting (time, place) without considering outside aspect try to understand whether these aspects are supporting each other or not.
2. Stylistic approach, namely analyze the work of literature by seeing the style (how the writer write the sentence) whether it will show the relationship or support the theme or not.
3. Linguistic approach, namely language and literature can not be separated and beautify each other.
Contrary with intrinsic approach in understanding the work of literature also use extrinsic approach namely analyze the work not only based on the aspect in that work it self but also related with the reader, the society and also the writer. It's include sociological approach, philosophical approach, psychological approach and feminist approach"
1. Sociological approach (the sociology of literature approach). It will be supported by the sociology of author, sociology of works and sociology of readers. The author, the work be meaning less and can not understand without the participation of the reader (Jaus, 1974: 12).
I an Watt Supardi stated that there are three approach namely the context of the author, the reflection of the society, and social function. (Faruk: 1994: 4).
2. Philosophical approach, it is analyze the work of literature used moral value and aspect of philosophical.
3. Psychological approach, it relates with psychology aspects the attitude, the behavior and the daily life.
WHY LITERATURE IS VERY IMPORTANT?
Literature is very important for our life because it "tells us about man himself and about the ways he communicates (Dutton: 1997: 7) where as moody says that it" brings us back to the realities of human situations, problems, feelings, and relations" (1987:3)
Literature express about the fact and the problem in the society such us adultery, discrimination, social and everything that relate with human life. So the author hope that the life will be better and meaning full and also problem in the society will be Goldman stated that generally work of literary is the expression of world view imaginary. In expressing the world view the author creates the realization in imagination way such us in presenting the characters the plot and all aspect in literature to beautify the work. In expressing the idea the author tell the truth namely literary truth that inexact. They should honest in express their idea because their work will be read by many birds of people in the world.
By learning literature we will get many values such as. By reading the work of literature we will know the way of life and the value of history, culture, philosophy, religion, art, and entertainment. So we will get the life meaningful. And better than ever before and we will think more our life and attitude that should be responsible to our self, other people and our God.
By learning literature we will understand the product of culture, having skill to judge, decide and appreciate the literary work and we can prepare for future whether our personal growth or future career. Besides that we will get source of information of history when the literature was produced we will know the culture, costume and daily activities of the society that reflected in that work. In the other hand we will get more vocabularies, and know that linguistic appearance. The structure of the language of course it will increase our ability in understanding the language that used. At last but not least we will get entertainment and pleasure from that work. So it is not wonder if said that literature is part of our life and has important role in society.
References:
Faruk (1994), Pengantar Sosilogi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko (1994), Prinsip-Prinsip Kritik Sastra, Gajah Mada, University Press, Yogyakarta.
Elizabeth and Tom Burns (1973), Sociology Literature and Drama, Locet Pritain, 1973.
Tecuw, Sastra & Ilmu Sastra Pengantar Teori Sastra, Pustaka Jaya Bandung.
Bressler Carles E (1999) Literary Criticism an Introduction to Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall.
Pradopo, Rahmat Djoko (1995), Beberapa Teori Sastra Metode Kritik & Penerapannya", Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Suswantoro (2002), Apresiasi Sastra Inggris, Muhammadiyah University Press, Surakarta.
Ratna, Nyoman Kuta (2003), Paradigma Sosiologi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Lye, John (2002), Contemporary Literary Theory,
Iswalono (2002), Hand Book Introduction to Literature, Yogyakarta.
Barnet (1961), An Introduction to Literature fiction, poetry, drama, little, Brownand company, Canada.
3/14/2009
American Beginnings: Formating a New Land
American Beginnings: Formating a New Land
a. Self Reliance ( Ralph Waldo Emerson )
In facing the reality we should keep firm on our own heart. The deepest believe will comes true to the real life. We half expresses of ourselves. Nothing can bring peace but ourselves. Nothing can bring peace except our principles.
It is easy to see that the greatest self reliance must work a revolution in all offices and relation of men; in their religion; in their education; in their pursuits; their modes of living; their association; in their property; in their speculative views.
1. In what prayers do men allow themselves! That which they call a holy office is not so much as brave and manly.
2. It is for want of self culture that the superstition of travelling, whose idols are Italy, England, Egypt, retains its fascination for all educated Americans.
3. But the rage of travelling is a symptom of a deeper unsoundness affecting the whole intellectual action.
4. As our Peligion, our education, our Art look abroad, so does our spirit of society.
b. Resistance to Civil Government ( Henry David Thoreau )
As the citizen we should be man first, and subjects afterwards. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. All men recognize the right revolution; that is, the right to refuse allegiance to and to resist the government, when its tyranny or its inefficiency are great and unendurable. A wise man will not leave the right to mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority. There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men.
In 1847 Thoreau was imprisoned briefly for refusing to pay tax while the government supported a war he considered unjust. His refusal was disobedience to protest government. He was also strongly opposed to slavery.
c. A Disquisition on Government (John C. Calhoun)
Calhoun had two efforts-unflagging defense of slavery and slave holder political interests and the contrivance of a governmental structure that would protect those interest while, if possible, preserving the American union.
d. Abraham Lincoln (Speech at Peoria, Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Second Inaugural)
Abraham Lincoln was a political moralist. Lincoln’s egalitarian philosophy was complicated by his commitment to a semi historicist and sometimes mystical conception of democratic union. His concept of mind is that slavery is immoral. Lincoln maneuvered through Congress a bill for reopening the entire Louisiana purchase to slavery and allowing the settlers of Kansas and Nebraska (with “popular sovereignty”) to decide for themselves whether to permit slaveholding in those territories.
Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society Lincoln stated two theories “mud-still” and “free labor”. Mud still theory insist that there is not, of necessity, any such thing as the free hired laborer being fixed to that condition for life.
a. Self Reliance ( Ralph Waldo Emerson )
In facing the reality we should keep firm on our own heart. The deepest believe will comes true to the real life. We half expresses of ourselves. Nothing can bring peace but ourselves. Nothing can bring peace except our principles.
It is easy to see that the greatest self reliance must work a revolution in all offices and relation of men; in their religion; in their education; in their pursuits; their modes of living; their association; in their property; in their speculative views.
1. In what prayers do men allow themselves! That which they call a holy office is not so much as brave and manly.
2. It is for want of self culture that the superstition of travelling, whose idols are Italy, England, Egypt, retains its fascination for all educated Americans.
3. But the rage of travelling is a symptom of a deeper unsoundness affecting the whole intellectual action.
4. As our Peligion, our education, our Art look abroad, so does our spirit of society.
b. Resistance to Civil Government ( Henry David Thoreau )
As the citizen we should be man first, and subjects afterwards. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. All men recognize the right revolution; that is, the right to refuse allegiance to and to resist the government, when its tyranny or its inefficiency are great and unendurable. A wise man will not leave the right to mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority. There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men.
In 1847 Thoreau was imprisoned briefly for refusing to pay tax while the government supported a war he considered unjust. His refusal was disobedience to protest government. He was also strongly opposed to slavery.
c. A Disquisition on Government (John C. Calhoun)
Calhoun had two efforts-unflagging defense of slavery and slave holder political interests and the contrivance of a governmental structure that would protect those interest while, if possible, preserving the American union.
d. Abraham Lincoln (Speech at Peoria, Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Second Inaugural)
Abraham Lincoln was a political moralist. Lincoln’s egalitarian philosophy was complicated by his commitment to a semi historicist and sometimes mystical conception of democratic union. His concept of mind is that slavery is immoral. Lincoln maneuvered through Congress a bill for reopening the entire Louisiana purchase to slavery and allowing the settlers of Kansas and Nebraska (with “popular sovereignty”) to decide for themselves whether to permit slaveholding in those territories.
Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society Lincoln stated two theories “mud-still” and “free labor”. Mud still theory insist that there is not, of necessity, any such thing as the free hired laborer being fixed to that condition for life.
3/11/2009
Religion In America
RELIGION IN AMERICA
A. SUMMARY
1. The Career of Pluralism in America
From the early fourth century onward the Christian faith had been established by law through out the roman empire or the whole known world. It was naturally and socially impossible not to be Christian on Christian soil. The single exception, the Jews, lived existence, set apart from the society at large. That There are several maps that show the group of religion and the character of American pluralism of religion. They are: Baptist, Christian church (disciples of Christ) and the Christian churches and church of Christ, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodist, Presbyterians, roman Catholics, United church of Christ, Adventist, Mennonites, Moravians, Pentecostal churches, and reformed churches.
2. Interpreting America Pluralism
Americans like to speak of their religious statement as one of pluralism, marked by tolerance pluralism is a rather recently applied term, necessitated by presence of hundreds of competing religious groups and the freedom of citizens to have no religion at all.
3. The Elephant In the Dark ( Albanese)
There is a story that both Buddhists and some Muslims claim as their own and like to use a teaching device. It is about an elephant and a group of blind men who had never before encountered one.
B. ANALYSIS
The Religion in America is pluralism. Christian is the major religion in America, almost 60 percent from the citizen . As the early religion that is developed there in further time, it is divided into two Catholic and protestant. Both of the believe spread based on their teaching, free spirited and independence. The pluralism or religion there teach them to honor and respect each other. They are all free to pursue their own religion, to be religious or not to be religious in a particular way, they are expected to tolerance others. Each religion teach the moral value for human life. Although the believe is different but all of religion teaching something good. The good deed, behavior, and also attitude that can make the human being live in peace. By the time of independence, people became aware of religious diversity on an intercolonial basis. Beside Christian, Jew and Hindu also available religion in America in the middle of nineteen century. Another religion that comes later is Islam. African brought Islam and the remembered beliefs and practices of many smaller ethnic religious. In America although there are several religions but in fact they still debated what kinds of religion placed first. Their debate and worry like an elephant in the dark. Finally I can take conclusion that there are two kinds of religion boundaries in America. They are: ordinary and extraordinary religion. Both of them concerned in different kinds namely ordinary deals with social relationship tends to culture, while extraordinary deals with spiritual aspects.
C. QUESTION
• How strong the believe ordinary and extraordinary colored American life especially in the plural society.
• If a conflict happened between the chief or leader of a certain believe is there a wise solution from the government?
A. SUMMARY
1. The Career of Pluralism in America
From the early fourth century onward the Christian faith had been established by law through out the roman empire or the whole known world. It was naturally and socially impossible not to be Christian on Christian soil. The single exception, the Jews, lived existence, set apart from the society at large. That There are several maps that show the group of religion and the character of American pluralism of religion. They are: Baptist, Christian church (disciples of Christ) and the Christian churches and church of Christ, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodist, Presbyterians, roman Catholics, United church of Christ, Adventist, Mennonites, Moravians, Pentecostal churches, and reformed churches.
2. Interpreting America Pluralism
Americans like to speak of their religious statement as one of pluralism, marked by tolerance pluralism is a rather recently applied term, necessitated by presence of hundreds of competing religious groups and the freedom of citizens to have no religion at all.
3. The Elephant In the Dark ( Albanese)
There is a story that both Buddhists and some Muslims claim as their own and like to use a teaching device. It is about an elephant and a group of blind men who had never before encountered one.
B. ANALYSIS
The Religion in America is pluralism. Christian is the major religion in America, almost 60 percent from the citizen . As the early religion that is developed there in further time, it is divided into two Catholic and protestant. Both of the believe spread based on their teaching, free spirited and independence. The pluralism or religion there teach them to honor and respect each other. They are all free to pursue their own religion, to be religious or not to be religious in a particular way, they are expected to tolerance others. Each religion teach the moral value for human life. Although the believe is different but all of religion teaching something good. The good deed, behavior, and also attitude that can make the human being live in peace. By the time of independence, people became aware of religious diversity on an intercolonial basis. Beside Christian, Jew and Hindu also available religion in America in the middle of nineteen century. Another religion that comes later is Islam. African brought Islam and the remembered beliefs and practices of many smaller ethnic religious. In America although there are several religions but in fact they still debated what kinds of religion placed first. Their debate and worry like an elephant in the dark. Finally I can take conclusion that there are two kinds of religion boundaries in America. They are: ordinary and extraordinary religion. Both of them concerned in different kinds namely ordinary deals with social relationship tends to culture, while extraordinary deals with spiritual aspects.
C. QUESTION
• How strong the believe ordinary and extraordinary colored American life especially in the plural society.
• If a conflict happened between the chief or leader of a certain believe is there a wise solution from the government?
3/09/2009
THE ETERNITY OF DEATH IN THEODORE ROETHKE’S “THE WAKING”
By: Theodore Roethke
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
I feel my fate in what I cannot fear.
I learn by going where I have to go.
We think by feeling. What is there to know?
I hear my being dance from ear to ear.
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
Of those so close beside me, which are you?
God bless the ground! I shall walk softly there,
And learn by going where I have to go.
Light takes the tree; but who can tell us how?
The lowly worm climbs up a winding stair;
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
Great Nature has another thing to do
To you and me; so take the lively air,
And, lovely, learn by going where to go.
This shaking keeps me steady. I should know.
What falls away is always. And is near.
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
I learn by going where I have to go.
A. INTRODUCTION
The waking by Theodore Roethke consists optimism feeling strongly appears in this line for instance having a certain purpose of life by enjoying with feeling of fate. Besides, this poem teach us how mortal is life and the immortal of the death.
B. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR
Roethke was born in Saginaw, Michigan, on May 25, 1908. Much of his childhood was spent in and around the greenhouse owned jointly by his father and his uncle. It is not surprising, then, that his poetry shows a familiarity with and knowledge of growing things and a reverence for life in all forms, large and small. Theodore Roethke wrote of his poetry: The greenhouse "is my symbol for the whole of life, a womb, a heaven-on-earth." Roethke drew inspiration from his childhood experiences of working in his family's Saginaw floral company. Beginning is 1941 with Open House, the distinguished poet and teacher published extensively, receiving a Pulitzer Prize for poetry and two National Book Awards among an array of honors. “The Waking” is the final poem in the collection The Waking (1953), for which Theodore Roethke received the Pulitzer Prize in poetry in 1954. Two key lines that contain the theme of the poem are repeated alternately at the end of each stanza and then again together in the last stanza. The title suggests. In 1959 Pennsylvania University awarded him the prestigious Bollingen Prize. Roethke taught at Michigan State College, (present-day Michigan State University) and at colleges in Pennsylvania and Vermont, before joining the faculty of the University of Washington at Seattle in 1947. Roethke died in Washington in 1963.
C. THE ETERNITY OF DEATH IN THEODORE ROETHKE’S “THE WAKING”
The waking tells us about the life that is symbolize by “waking” from the first stanza we know that we born, we life in this world to face the death namely “sleep”. After us “wake” (born) in this world we should be careful and do not careless in waking decision. We should not fear to the fate because fate has determined by God to us. But we should try and seriously endeavor to search the right way. Whatever will be we should do good things because everything well be judged and we have to be responsibility to our deed.
The second stanza tells us me should think first before doing something. We should use our thinking in understanding the symbol of life. We should consider our activities in this life whether air activities are good or not. We always account our “dance” (our speech, attitude, behavior, and feeling) from ear to ear namely day by day either past or future we should be careful cause we weak to sleep. We should introspect to ourselves. We need think more about our happiness and do not forget our God when we feel happy.
The third stanza tells us all our activities so close whit us. Because used to mange our activities. Our train our thinking and everything we should think twice about our deeds because God has created the ground for us. Those obligate to use everything in this world in appropriate way. Besides that we should learn and do what we should do to get a better life with we break the rule of God about goodness, truth, justice and so on.
The forth Stanza sell us God crated the beautiful of creation like tree, worm and everything in this world either animate or unanimated. All of creation has it own special function to complete each other but no one can think about the supreme substance of God. None of the creation perfects. We can learn from worm than can climbs up a winding stair it means although small thing can participate in this world to beautify the life. So we should more wise and careful in taking the future of life.
The fifth stanza tell us move about the great creation of God. The beautiful nature should be used to fulfill the daily needs of human being. We should thanks to God who as gives us opportunity to life in this world. Only by his blessing we can enjoy the world take a breath as much as possible without paying, use available creation (world) as we want by using the science and knowledge. But we should aware that in using the facilities we must use as the appropriate usage without hurting the creation and waste the time and also.
The sixth stanza tell us more about the beautifully life “this shaking keeps me steady”. Everything that happened to us makes us better than ever before. It’s mean everything what we do in this life for the sake of the future life “here after” because death is unpredictable and we can die every time and every where when God determined. From those explanations we know that death coming “I learn by going where I have to go”. I try to do the activities according for the rule that I should obey goodness, truth and purposes to the God Blessing. So we are never afraid of death.
Roethke’s “The Waking” express the eternity of death. It seems from the first stanza “I wake to sleep” this paradox shows us that bow short life is. To sleep is to acquire the vision that releases us from the involvement of our intellect and helps us drift into the acceptance of our fate. It should be wake to do a certain activities but here –the speaker- really understand that life is mortal and will ended sometimes. The contrast between “wake” and “sleep” namely how strong the power of death that brings to eternity while the life is limited time to do, to think and to feel about world. Life is a long process to face the death. The repetition of these lines gradually unfolds the meaning of the poem. The lines weave in and out through this short poem like an incantation. We follow the movement of waking and going, waking and going, until we feel like a leaf caught in the current of the lines and the words. The life also a repetition action when we do the daily activities we do the routine action until we expert in doing something. Life is such a process to understand the meaning of life that is actually really mortal while death will come to us as we do in this world.
The speaker begins by contrasting the “fear” and with “fate” namely that fate is unavoidable. This effect leads us from one verse to the next in a kind of endless movement that suggests the perpetual cycle from birth to death. It is hard to imagine another form that would express this cyclical movement more effectively than the villanelle. “I feel my fate in what I can not fear”. Normally, we fear fate because it is unknown, because it cannot be felt or anticipated. By feeling fate rather than fearing it, you accept it rather than resist it. How short life is when the fate comes to pick up the death we should be ready because we life do die, to prepare everything for the eternity and not gives up in our life although how short life is. Optimism of life and survive should be exist no matter what will happen. Feeling the fate means that understanding the journey of the life and enjoying every single situation with a great desire to improve and to find the real meaning inside.
To prove that the life is mortal and death is eternity –the speaker- used the world, “I wake sleep, take my waking slow, walk softly, learn by doing, shaking keeps me steady and also “what falls away is always. And is near” (last stanza, line 2). This sentence is very important because known the life is short we should carefully in enjoying and passing the life by walk softly (careful and not in hurry in deeding a problem). Thinking wisely in every decision and action that passes day by day will grasp the better effect of life. It is continuing by learn by going (try to understand and strengthen the purpose of life by going to the eternity of death). The event that coming continuously like a problem that comes to the people like the raining that comes without prediction and invitation teach people to be wiser and strengthen every steps that the people take.
As another strengthen the purpose of life, the eternity of death is “lights takes the tree” but who can tell us how”. When the death is comes who can run away? No one can refuse death and no one can understand why the life is ended because the fate comes to pick up the mortal to the immortal one to be responsible everything that is done in mortal period.
“Stressing although life is limited but it’s full of beauty creation of God available to complete the activity in daily life although time is interknit should be used in a good account and enjoy it as good as possible it is reflected with” Great nature has another thing to do … so take the lively air, And Lovely…”, it means although God will ask the responsibility but the provide the world to explore and to do a certain activity that makes people can survive and find happiness.
Optimism of life also reflected in this poem. “This shaking keeps me steady” (last stanza Line 1). What’s happened in this life is to test how strong we are success and failure comes and goes. But although we fall away it should have a hidden meaning and a certain advantage for the future since we can use it as a bridge to the brilliant result and sometimes we can say “blessing in disguise” toward perfect people.
The shaking keeps me steady” this paradox show us that by getting “shaking”, test, difficulties and also problem leads people to be stronger than ever before not gives up and falls away because everything and every silver has its lining.
“The carefulness of life and doing the activity to support that death is eternity, “I take my waking show”, it means the good purpose of life namely death and reaching happiness eternity makes the speaker wise in making decision by thinking the result and the effect of working. It is also strengthen by “I learn by going where I have to go”. I should understand to try to do the activities as good as possible by doing the best as the speaker can in the rule of God and in the way of God.
“Learning where to go” is a good consul a good advice to do everything in appropriate way. To be the right man on the right way is the writer hope. Learn to do the good deeds avoiding something that useful and in vain for the life even some artificial purpose to get moment happiness by sacrifice the real happiness the eternity happiness.
The whole sentences of poem tends to express ho strong death is and how eternity death is. It seem whether short or long life is, life will ends when death comes so whatever will be although life is limited we should be use this life by the best way as we can and we should prepare for the real happiness namely ready to welcome death whenever it comes because the death is eternity of life.
D. CONCLUSION
When a poem takes dead aim on the eternal we should not be surprised that it draws many interpretations. Paradox that used in “The Waking” to raise the curiosity of the reader because the language that used will be challenging. “The Waking told us that we should face the life carefully not in hurry in making decision and being wise facing the life because how long life is actually very short. It is different from the death although its coming is mysterious but it is eternal. The eternal of death demand us to do good things for the sake of happiness in the hereafter. The Poem really strengthen the important of good deeds in this life in order getting happiness after the death.
The others message of the poems are:
- Life is a very short time if compared to the death. It has the process that never predicted from the birth, child, teenager, adult and death will comes to each person based on the determination of the God.
- Life can not be predicted life only can understand by feeling and passing the life itself without fear.
- We should prepare for life as good as possible cause death can not avoided by everyone so we have to make a certain purpose of our life to support every activity.
- Every one should be responsible all of the deeds because every activity will judge in the day judgment.
3/08/2009
Native American
NATIVE AMERICAN
Premonition and Prophecies
Native American had developed some three hundred distinct cultures and spoke over two hundred different languages. North America was well discovered by the time Columbus and his kind set foot on its shores. Actually Columbus not the first European arrive. In fact, some scholars suggest that the first non – Indians came from Asia there are Buddhist texts that tell of five beggar priests who sailed from China in A. D 458. The first contact as the initial encounters between Native American and the white are termed by anthropologist, occurred at different time and places. Generally the more eastern and southern the locale, the earlier was the first contact.
Indian society was the eve of what was to be the most catastrophic confrontation in its history. The Wasco Indians of Oregon have a prophecy story in which a wise old man dreams of strangers with hair on their faces coming from the direction of the rising sun. When he awaken, he gives this advice to his fellow tribesmen: “ You people must be careful”
1. He will use any means to get what he wants
It is known that white man is an intelligent person, an inventor of many words, a man who knows to influence people because of his sweet way of talking and that he will use many of these things upon us when he comes.
2. White Rabbit got lotsa everything
White Rabbits- white people- gonta devour the grass, seed and living.
3. Visitors from heaven
One time, about two hundred years ago, in a place called Fort Hope, Ontario, there was a settlement of Ojibway Indians where there was a medicine man who brought visitors from heaven to a huge wigwam shaped like a beaver house.
4. Thunder’s dream comes true
Thunder was born in the vicinity of Montreal where the great spirit first placed the Sauk Nation, and inspired him with a belief that, at the end of four years, he should see a white man, who would be to him a father. Finally he met the white man and told him that white man was the son of the King of France.
5. Easy life of the gray eyed
The prophecy said that when the native American met the Gray eyes they begin to eat iron stick, the tones will grow louder even to the parents, disobedient. Then they will mix with these gray eyed people and they will learn their ways, break up homes, murder and steal.
6. The spider web
Drinks Water dreamed that the four leggeds were going back into the earth and that the strange race had woven a spider’s web all around the Lakotas and he Said” when this happens, you shall live in square gray houses, in a barren land, and beside those square gray houses you shall starve”. Sometimes dreams are wiser than waking.
Face to face
On Friday, October 12, 1942, when Christopher Columbus and his men hauled their armed landing boat up on the island in the Bahamas to which he gave the name San Salvador, the local Taino Indian were awestruck. Two years later he shipped off live hundred West Indian natives as slaves nearly all of them died of disease. Thus began the wholesale enslavement of the Island Indian by Spain, which virtually annihilated the native peoples of the Caribbean.
The explorers, treasure hunters, traders, missionaries, trappers, soldiers, and colonists who followed in the wake of Columbus represented a number of separate cultures. Each brought to the new world their own national characteristics and particular interests.
Stories based on face to face encounters became part of tribal folklore. It is interesting how many of the selections that follow underscore the cultural conflicts that have plagued Indian-white relations down to the present day.
1. Their wondrous works and ways
Born with the Indian name “The Pitiful Last” but later called “The Winner”, Eastman did not see white person until he was sixteen. He then became one of a stream of Indians who since the eighteen century had attended Dartmouth college.
Wacan is the mysterious race whose power bordered upon the supernatural. They had made a “fireboat” that united two element which cannot exist together. They made some of their people servant, slaves. And now the slaves have children born to them of the same color. The white had desire to possess the whole world.
2. Before they got thick
Some of white wanted to kill the black but others wanted to be brothers with them and let them alone. The Lipan gave the black some pumpkin seed and the seed corn and the way to use them. They started a new life. They were getting along very well. After that, they began to get thick.
3. Silmoodawa gives a complete performance.
Silmoodawa shot animal with a bow, bled him, skinned and dressed him, slice up the meat, and spread it out on flakes to dry, he then cooked a portion and ate it.
4. A different kind of man
Lone white Man lived among Native for many years, but never married.
5. I hid myself and watched
Pretty Shield told the people “I Had never seen a white man before. I ran away home and told the people I had seen something out there coming toward the sheep. It looked like a man, I said, but had wool all over its face. I thought the whiskers were wool, and I wasn’t sure it was a man.
B. ANALYSIS
Native American, like human societies everywhere had developed cultures and spoke different languages and bands so small as “tribelets” shows that they can live in different style and can accept the different thought of human being. They keep help hand in hand to keep their generation. It also as a sign that they also comes from different places and they want to build the new world based on their own characteristics and particular interest.
They strongly believed about myth, premonition and prophecies. One of the prophecies believed that it will come different people namely white. In accepting the different tribe, the white, they feel strange and amazed of them. They thought that the coming of white race would crowd out the red men. They anticipate of their coming with some believe:
The white will use any ways to get what they want
They white will got lot of everything
The white is the noble person that comes from heaven
The white will trapped them
Native American also learn how to plant the pumpkin and corn that they can harvest them. After knowing how to plant they start a new life. In the reality Native is not as bad as what we have thought they also learn and some of them studied at college. It was a proof that Native also educated person that can build the civilization.
Native also can live with the white and they did not kill each other. Although some of them became slaves but some of the slaves tries to get freedom. On the other hand some native dream that they will meet the white as their parents. So they will get a better life as the white.
Native American had developed some three hundred distinct cultures and spoke over two hundred different languages. North America was well discovered by the time Columbus and his kind set foot on its shores. Actually Columbus not the first European arrive. In fact, some scholars suggest that the first non – Indians came from Asia there are Buddhist texts that tell of five beggar priests who sailed from China in A. D 458. The first contact as the initial encounters between Native American and the white are termed by anthropologist, occurred at different time and places. Generally the more eastern and southern the locale, the earlier was the first contact.
Indian society was the eve of what was to be the most catastrophic confrontation in its history. The Wasco Indians of Oregon have a prophecy story in which a wise old man dreams of strangers with hair on their faces coming from the direction of the rising sun. When he awaken, he gives this advice to his fellow tribesmen: “ You people must be careful”
1. He will use any means to get what he wants
It is known that white man is an intelligent person, an inventor of many words, a man who knows to influence people because of his sweet way of talking and that he will use many of these things upon us when he comes.
2. White Rabbit got lotsa everything
White Rabbits- white people- gonta devour the grass, seed and living.
3. Visitors from heaven
One time, about two hundred years ago, in a place called Fort Hope, Ontario, there was a settlement of Ojibway Indians where there was a medicine man who brought visitors from heaven to a huge wigwam shaped like a beaver house.
4. Thunder’s dream comes true
Thunder was born in the vicinity of Montreal where the great spirit first placed the Sauk Nation, and inspired him with a belief that, at the end of four years, he should see a white man, who would be to him a father. Finally he met the white man and told him that white man was the son of the King of France.
5. Easy life of the gray eyed
The prophecy said that when the native American met the Gray eyes they begin to eat iron stick, the tones will grow louder even to the parents, disobedient. Then they will mix with these gray eyed people and they will learn their ways, break up homes, murder and steal.
6. The spider web
Drinks Water dreamed that the four leggeds were going back into the earth and that the strange race had woven a spider’s web all around the Lakotas and he Said” when this happens, you shall live in square gray houses, in a barren land, and beside those square gray houses you shall starve”. Sometimes dreams are wiser than waking.
Face to face
On Friday, October 12, 1942, when Christopher Columbus and his men hauled their armed landing boat up on the island in the Bahamas to which he gave the name San Salvador, the local Taino Indian were awestruck. Two years later he shipped off live hundred West Indian natives as slaves nearly all of them died of disease. Thus began the wholesale enslavement of the Island Indian by Spain, which virtually annihilated the native peoples of the Caribbean.
The explorers, treasure hunters, traders, missionaries, trappers, soldiers, and colonists who followed in the wake of Columbus represented a number of separate cultures. Each brought to the new world their own national characteristics and particular interests.
Stories based on face to face encounters became part of tribal folklore. It is interesting how many of the selections that follow underscore the cultural conflicts that have plagued Indian-white relations down to the present day.
1. Their wondrous works and ways
Born with the Indian name “The Pitiful Last” but later called “The Winner”, Eastman did not see white person until he was sixteen. He then became one of a stream of Indians who since the eighteen century had attended Dartmouth college.
Wacan is the mysterious race whose power bordered upon the supernatural. They had made a “fireboat” that united two element which cannot exist together. They made some of their people servant, slaves. And now the slaves have children born to them of the same color. The white had desire to possess the whole world.
2. Before they got thick
Some of white wanted to kill the black but others wanted to be brothers with them and let them alone. The Lipan gave the black some pumpkin seed and the seed corn and the way to use them. They started a new life. They were getting along very well. After that, they began to get thick.
3. Silmoodawa gives a complete performance.
Silmoodawa shot animal with a bow, bled him, skinned and dressed him, slice up the meat, and spread it out on flakes to dry, he then cooked a portion and ate it.
4. A different kind of man
Lone white Man lived among Native for many years, but never married.
5. I hid myself and watched
Pretty Shield told the people “I Had never seen a white man before. I ran away home and told the people I had seen something out there coming toward the sheep. It looked like a man, I said, but had wool all over its face. I thought the whiskers were wool, and I wasn’t sure it was a man.
B. ANALYSIS
Native American, like human societies everywhere had developed cultures and spoke different languages and bands so small as “tribelets” shows that they can live in different style and can accept the different thought of human being. They keep help hand in hand to keep their generation. It also as a sign that they also comes from different places and they want to build the new world based on their own characteristics and particular interest.
They strongly believed about myth, premonition and prophecies. One of the prophecies believed that it will come different people namely white. In accepting the different tribe, the white, they feel strange and amazed of them. They thought that the coming of white race would crowd out the red men. They anticipate of their coming with some believe:
The white will use any ways to get what they want
They white will got lot of everything
The white is the noble person that comes from heaven
The white will trapped them
Native American also learn how to plant the pumpkin and corn that they can harvest them. After knowing how to plant they start a new life. In the reality Native is not as bad as what we have thought they also learn and some of them studied at college. It was a proof that Native also educated person that can build the civilization.
Native also can live with the white and they did not kill each other. Although some of them became slaves but some of the slaves tries to get freedom. On the other hand some native dream that they will meet the white as their parents. So they will get a better life as the white.
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